Poverty in female-headed households. Comparison between North Region of Argentina and Total Country
Keywords:
Poverty; Female poverty; Argentina.Abstract
Poverty in female-headed households has been the subject of several studies in various countries of the world, but not in Argentina. In this paper we address this issue and explore the situation in the Norte Grande in Argentina (NGA). This region has the highest poverty levels in the country, considering both the monetary and non-monetary dimensions (González, 2019), and comparatively high levels also of people living in single-parent and large households, in which the risks of poverty are greater than in other households. The questions we are trying to answer are two: a) if there is evidence of feminization of poverty in the country, and b) if the NGA registers a level of feminization of poverty higher than the national average, after controlling factors that determine poverty of homes. We find that Argentina experiences the phenomenon of feminization of poverty, that the feminization of poverty has increased in the last seven years (since 2013) and that the NGA region does not present levels of feminization of poverty greater than the rest of the country once controlled the determinants of poverty.References
Aguilar, P. (2011) “La feminización de la pobreza: conceptualizaciones actuales y potencialidades analíticas” R. Katál., 14(1): 126-133.
Aisa, R.; Larramona, G. & Pueyo, F. (2019) “Poverty in Europe by Gender: The role of education and labour status” Economic Analysis and Policy 63: 24–34.
AlAzzawi (2015) Is there Feminization of Poverty in Egypt? Working Paper Series, Economic Research Forum, Dokki, Giza.
Arévalo, C., y Paz, J. (2015). Pobreza en la Argentina. Privaciones múltiples y asimetrías regionales. IELDE, Documento de trabajo Nro. 15, primavera, Salta.
Ariza, M. y de Oliveira, O. (2001). “Familias en transición y marcos conceptuales en redefinición” Papeles de Población, Nro. 28: 9-39.
Binstock, G. (2018) “Hogares y organización familiar” En Piovani, J. & Salvia, A. (Compiladores) La Argentina en el siglo XXI. Cómo somos, vivimos y convivimos en una sociedad desigual. Siglo XXI Editores, Buenos Aires: 421-442.
Blinder, A. (1973). “Wage Discrimination: Reduced Form and Structural Estimates” The Journal of Human Resources, 8(4): 436-455.
Bradshaw, S. Sylvia Chant & Brian Linneker (2019) Challenges and Changes in Gendered Poverty: The Feminization, De-Feminization, and Re-Feminization of Poverty in Latin America, Feminist Economics, 25:1, 119-144, DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2018.1529417.
Buvinic, M., & Gupta, G. R. (1997) “Female-Headed Households and Female-Maintained Families: Are They Worth Targeting to Reduce Poverty in Developing Countries?” Economic Development and Cultural Change, 45 (2), 259-280.
Cortés, F. (1997), “Determinantes de la pobreza de los hogares. México, 1992”, Revista Mexicana de Sociología, México, volumen 59, N° 2.
Fairlie, R. (2005). “An extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition technique to logit and probit models” Journal of Economic and Social Measurement, 30: 305–316.
González Rosada, M. (2019) Feminización de la pobreza en Argentina, Foco Económico, marzo, disponible en: https://focoeconomico.org/2019/03/20/feminizacion-de-la-pobreza-en-argentina/.
González, F. (2019) Pobreza multidimensional urbana en Argentina: Un análisis de las disparidades entre el Norte Grande y Centro-Cuyo-Sur (2003-2016), tesis de maestría Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INDEC, 2016) La medición de la pobreza y la indigencia en la Argentina, Metodología INDEC Nº 22, Buenos Aires.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INDEC, 2020a) Mercado de trabajo. Tasas e indicadores socioeconómicos (EPH), Trabajo e ingresos, vol. 4, n° 3, primer trimestre de 2020, Buenos Aires.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INDEC, 2020b) Evolución de la distribución del ingreso (EPH), Trabajo e ingresos, vol. 4, n° 4, segundo trimestre de 2020, Buenos Aires.
Jann, B. (2008). “The Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition for linear Models” The Stata Journal, 8(4): 453-479.
Kynch, J. & Sen, A. (1983) “Indian women: well-being and survival” Cambridge Journal of Economics, 7: 363-380.
Liu, Ch.; Esteve, A. & Treviño, R. (2017) “Female-Headed Households and Living Conditions in Latin America” World Development, 90(C): 311-328.
Mazzeo, V. (2008) Las familias monoparentales en Argentina: la importancia de la jefatura femenina. Diferencias regionales, 1980-2001, ponencia presentada al congreso de ALAP, Córdoba.
Medeiros, M. & Costa, J. (2008) “Is There a Feminization of Poverty in Latin America?” World Development 36(1): 115–27.
Ministerio de Trabajo, Empleo y Seguridad Social (MTESS, 2019) Informe sobre la situación de género en el sistema de riesgos del trabajo, Superintendencia de Riesgos del Trabajo, Departamento de Estudios Estadísticos Gerencia Técnica, Buenos Aires.
Oaxaca, R. (1973). “Male-female wage differentials in urban labor markets” International Economic Review, 14(3): 693-709.
Oaxaca, R. and Ransom, M. (1988). “Searching for the Effect of Unionism on the Wages of Union and Non-Union Workers” Journal of Labor Research 9: 139–148.
Paz, J. (2019a) “La brecha salarial por género en Argentina: análisis acerca de la segmentación laboral” Soc. e Cultura., Goiânia, 22(1): 157-178.
Paz, J. (2019b) La pobreza en la Argentina. Explorando más allá de los ingresos y más allá de los promedios (Incidencia, composición y evolución 2004-2019). IELDE, Documento de Trabajo Nro.21.
Paz, J. (2020) Introducción al estudio de la segregación ocupacional por género en la Argentina. Documentos de Trabajo RedNIE, 2020-10.
Pearce, D. (1978) “The feminization of poverty: women, work and welfare” Urban and Social Change Review, 11, 28-36.
Rajkarnikar, J. & Ramnarain, S. (2019) “Female Headship and Women’s Work in Nepal” Feminist Economics, DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2019.1689282, https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2019.1689282.
Ravallion, M. (2016). The Economics of Poverty. History, Measurement and Policy. Oxford University Press, London.
Snyder, A.; McLaughlin, D. & Findeis, J. (2006) “Household Composition and Poverty among Female-Headed Households with Children: Differences by Race and Residence” Rural Sociology 71(4): 597–624.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Jorge Augusto Paz, Carla Arevalo
The works published in this magazine are under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 2.5 Argentina license.
Important: The author is the owner of the rights to exploit the contents of the article of his authorship.
You are free to:
Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format.
Adapt — remix, transform and build from the material.
The licensor cannot revoke these liberties as long as you follow the terms of the license.
Under the following terms:
Attribution - You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if any changes have been made. You may do so in any reasonable way, but not in a way that suggests that you or your use is endorsed by the licensor.
Non-Commercial - You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
There are no additional restrictions - You cannot apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others to make any use permitted by the license.